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Employees vs. Contractors: More Clarity Coming

The High Court recently handed down a significant decision dealing with the distinction between employees and independent contractors. The case concerned an “independent contractor” and a labour hire company. Although the ATO was not a party to either case, it has since released a decision impact statement as the High Court’s decisions impact on the ordinary meaning of the term “employee”.

In the case, a labourer had signed an Administrative Services Agreement (ASA) with a labour hire company to work as a “self-employed contractor” on various construction sites. The Full Court had initially held that the labourer was an independent contractor after applying a “multifactorial” approach by reference to the terms of the ASA, among other things. The High Court however, overturned the Full Federal Court’s decision and held that the labourer was an employee of the labour hire company.

The majority of the High Court stated that where the parties have comprehensively committed to the terms of the relationship to a written contract, and no party is disputing the validity of that contract, the characterisation must proceed based on the legal rights and responsibilities established in that written contract. It thus concluded that a multifactorial approach examining the relationship between the parties over the entire history of their dealings was unnecessary and inappropriate. In certain circumstances however, an examination of post-contractual conduct may be permissible, such as when the contract is not in writing, is oral/partly oral, being challenged or varied.

The minority view of two of the Judges considered the multifactorial test to be a well-established principle for characterising the totality of the legal relationship and that they were permitted to look at the whole employment relationship and not be restricted to the written contract. Even though there were different approaches taken in the judgement, the High Court agreed that the critical question in these circumstances was whether the supposed employee performed work while working in the business of the engaging entity.

“That is, whether the worker performed their work in the engaging entity’s business (i.e. the labour hire firm) or in an enterprise or business of their own.”

In its decision impact statement, the ATO noted that the High Court has not disturbed the well-established practice of examining the totality of the relationship. While the multifactorial test was rejected by a majority, there are still instances where it could be applied

In addition, the ATO noted that the decision recognised that long-established employment indicia are still relevant, although they must now be viewed through the focusing question of whether the supposed employee is working in the business of the employer. This, according to the ATO, reflects its current understanding of the application of the business integration test that the High Court has now elevated as one of the primary aspects of contractual examination.

As a result of the decision, the ATO will review relevant rulings that may be impacted by the High Court’s decision in the case, including super guarantee rulings on work arranged by intermediaries and who is an employee, as well as income tax rulings in the areas of PAYG withholding and the identification of employer for tax treaties.

Need help?

If you run a business and have dealings with contractors, we can help you understand how this decision will affect you. If you would like to keep up to date with any developments or changes to ATO’s rulings impacted by the High Court’s decision, contact our office today.

Disclaimer: The content of this summary is general by nature. We therefore accept no responsibility to persons acting on the information herein without consulting with DSV Partners. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

COVID-Related Support for SMSFs Rental Relief

Your fund, or a related party of your fund, may have offered rental relief to a tenant due to the financial impacts of COVID-19.

If rent was reduced or waived, the ATO will not take any compliance action against your fund and/or ask your approved SMSF auditor to report any contraventions, as long as the relief is provided on comparable terms to relief offered by other landlords to unrelated tenants in similar circumstances. If rent was deferred, relief granted by the ATO will ensure that the deferral does not cause a loan or investment to be an in-house asset of the fund in 2019-20, 2020-21 or 2021-22, and future financial years, provided certain conditions are met.

Temporary changes to a lease agreement to provide for rental relief need to be properly documented, together with the reasons for those changes.

Please contact us as a formal variation of the lease may need to be executed.

In-house Asset Relief

If the value of your fund’s in-house assets exceeds 5% of the fund’s total assets as at 30 June of an income year, you are required to prepare and execute a written plan to get below 5% by the end of the following income year.

However, if you have not been able to execute the plan because of the financial impacts of COVID-19:

  • the ATO will not take any compliance action against your fund; and
  • your approved SMSF auditor will not need to report any contravention of the in-house asset rules to the ATO.

Loan Repayment Relief

If your fund has offered loan repayment relief because the borrower was experiencing difficulty repaying the loan due to the financial impacts of COVID-19, the ATO will not take any compliance action and your approved SMSF auditor need report any contravention of the super laws provided:

  • the relief is offered on commercial terms; and
  • the changes to the loan agreement are properly documented.

Other Relief

SMSF residency relief – may be available where your fund no longer satisfies the residency rules because you were stranded overseas for an extended period.

Loan repayment relief – may be available if your fund offered loan repayment relief because the borrower was experiencing difficulty repaying the loan due to the financial impacts of COVID-19.

LRBA relief – may be available if your SMSF has a limited recourse borrowing arrangement (LRBA) in place with a related party lender and the lender have offered loan repayment relief to the fund due to the financial impacts of COVID-19.

Disclaimer: The content of this summary is general by nature. We therefore accept no responsibility to persons acting on the information herein without consulting with DSV Partners. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation

Four priorities of the ATO this tax time

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has announced four key focus areas for Tax Time 2022.

The ATO will be focusing on:

  • record-keeping
  • work-related expenses
  • rental property income and deductions, and
  • capital gains from crypto assets, property, and shares.

These ATO priority areas will ensure that there is an appropriate level of scrutiny on correcting reporting of deductions and income, so that Australia continues to have a strong tax system that can support the Australian community. Taxpayers can take steps to lodge right the first time.

It is important to rethink your claims and ensure you satisfy the following golden rules:

  1. You must have spent the money yourself and weren’t reimbursed.
  2. If the expense is for a mix of income producing and private use, you can only claim the portion that relates to producing income.
  3. You must have record to prove it.

Record-keeping

We know there are still some weeks left until tax time, but if you start organizing the income and deductions records you’ve kept throughout the year, this will guarantee you a smoother tax time and ensure you claim the deductions you are entitled to.

For those people who deliberately try to increase their refund, falsify records or cannot substantiate their claims the ATO will be taking firm action to deal with these taxpayers who are gaining an unfair advantage over the rest of the Australian community who are doing the right thing.

Work-related expenses

To claim a deduction for your working from home expenses, there are three methods available depending on your circumstances. You can choose from the shortcut (all-inclusive), fixed rate and actual cost methods, so long as you meet the eligibility and record-keeping requirements.

Everyone’s work-related expenses are unique to their circumstances. If your working arrangements have changed, don’t just copy and paste your prior year’s claims. If your expense was used for both work-related and private use, you can only claim the work-related portion of the expense. For example, you can’t claim 100% of mobile phone expenses if you use your mobile phone to ring your family.

Rental income and deductions

If you are a rental property owner, make sure you include all the income you’ve received from your rental in your tax return, including short-term rental arrangements, insurance payouts and rental bond money you retain.

It is encouraged to keep good records, as all rental income and deductions need to be entered manually. You can ask us for assistance. If the ATO notices a discrepancy it may delay the processing of your refund as the ATO may contact you or your registered tax agent to correct your return. The ATO can also ask for supporting documentation for any claim that you make after your notice of assessment issues.

Capital gains from crypto assets, property and shares

If you dispose of an asset such as property, shares, or a crypto asset, including non-fungible tokens (NFTs) this financial year, you will need to calculate a capital gain or a capital loss and record it in your tax return.

Generally, a capital gain or capital loss is the difference between what an asset cost you and what you receive when you dispose of it.

Crypto is a popular type of asset and it is expected that more capital gains or capital losses will be reported in tax returns this year. Remember, you can’t offset your crypto losses against your salary and wages.

Through data collection processes, it is known that many Australians are buying, selling or exchanging digital coins and assets, so it’s imperative that people understand what this means for their tax obligations.

Disclaimer:

The content of this summary is general by nature. We therefore accept no responsibility to persons acting on the information herein without consulting with DSV Partners.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation

Home as a place of business: CGT implications

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more employees working from home than ever before. This, in turn, has resulted in such people being able to claim a range of deductions for various “running expenses” associated with working from home. These expenses include electricity, phone service, cleaning, decline in the value of equipment, furniture and furnishing repairs, and so on. To make things easier, the ATO even provided several “short-cut” options to claim “working from home” expenses (as opposed to claiming the relevant proportion of the actual costs).

In addition, many people who operate a business (e.g. as a sole trader or in partnership) have been required to use part of their home as a place of business – or may have been doing so for many years anyhow. They, too, are entitled to claim various “running expenses” associated with working from home.

Moreover, if part of the home has the character of a place of business and is set aside as such, then such persons would generally also be able to claim a portion of occupancy expenses (such as mortgage interest or rent, council rates, land taxes, house insurance premiums) in addition to running expenses. This is because part of the home is an asset that is used in carrying on their business. However, where part of a home is being used as a business to generate assessable income, the homeowner will not be able to sell their home CGT-free. Instead, a partial CGT main residence exemption will apply on the basis that part of the home has been used to produce assessable income (in the same way it would apply if part of the home had been rented at arm’s length).

The rules for calculating a partial CGT main residence can be difficult to apply – particularly in determining the appropriate apportionment and correctly applying any exclusions. A professional’s expertise here is invaluable.

More importantly, in cases where a partial exemption may apply because of part-business use of a home, then the CGT small business concessions may be available to eliminate, reduce or roll over any assessable capital gain. The ATO accepts this as being possible: “You may be able to apply one or more of the small business CGT concessions to reduce your capital gain unless the main use of the house was to produce rent.” (See the ATO website here).

However, the CGT small business concessions are difficult to apply at the best of times – let alone in the case where part of a home is used as a place of business. For example, issues may arise as to whether the homeowner meets the basic threshold requirement for the concessions (including the holding period rule), the effect of joint ownership of the home and, in the case of the 15-year exemption, whether the sale of the home (or CGT event) that gives rise to the capital gain is made in connection with the retirement of the taxpayer.

And of course, where a company or trust carries on the business, a crucial issue also arises as to whether the part of the home used in the business qualifies as an active asset, which is required for the CGT small business concessions to apply.

These (and related) issues require the expertise of a professional. So if you find yourself in this position, your first port of call should be your trusted accountant.

The content of this summary is general by nature. We therefore accept no responsibility to persons acting on the information herein without consulting with DSV Partners.

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

Drawing On Super To Buy Your First Home

Saving for your first home? In a market where owning your home is increasingly out of reach for many, the First Home Super Saver (FHSS) scheme offers some practical hope. Here we look at how it works.

 

Where super was once locked away until retirement, you can now actively use its tax concessions to save up to $30,000 towards your first home, and then access your savings when you’re ready to buy. But this scheme is not for the faint-hearted, with lots of steps to climb before you get to your new front door.

 

Eligibility

The FHSS scheme is clearly for first home buyers – those who are buying or constructing their first home in Australia. But those buyers must:

-be 18 years or older;
-have never owned a property in Australia (being a freehold interest in real property, a long-term lease or a company title); and
-only apply for the scheme once.

However, there is provision for owners who have previously lost their property through financial hardship to be considered eligible for the scheme.

 

The good news is that there is no limit on the number of those eligible to share in the purchase of the same home under the scheme. So, couples, siblings and friends – as long as they meet the FHSS requirements – can pool their FHSS contributions towards the one purchase.

 

A further caveat is that you either live in the home you’re buying or you intend to do so for at least six months within the first year of ownership.

 

The scheme

The FHSS scheme refers only to contributions made since 1 July 2017. The scheme allows you to release up to $15,000 of voluntary contributions you’ve made to your super in any one financial year, and up to $30,000 in contributions in total, plus all the associated earnings, subject to contribution caps.

 

To be eligible, these contributions:

-are those made by you as the member or by your employer (but do not include compulsory super guarantee contributions – there are other specific exclusions so it is important to check with your adviser); and
-can be made up of concessional and non-concessional contributions, but only 85% of eligible concessional contributions can be released.

 

Get the sequence right

While you’re house hunting, it’s important to be clear on the FHSS process ahead. Once you’ve saved the final amount and, before signing a contract to purchase your home or applying for the release of your FHSS funds, you must apply to the ATO, and obtain, an FHSS determination. This determination will set out the maximum amount that you can release under the scheme.

 

Once you receive the determination you can then make a valid request to the ATO to issue an authority to your super fund for the release of an amount up to the maximum in the determination.

 

Your fund will then pay the released amount to the ATO but this may take about 25 days, so timing can be critical particularly if the funds are needed for the deposit.

 

If eligible, you can enter into a contract to purchase or construct your home either:

-as soon as you make the request to release the funds (rather than when the funds are released); or
-up to 14 days before the date you make this request.

You have up to 12 months after you’ve requested the release (unless more time is allowed by the ATO) to sign a contract to buy it.

 

Once you finally do sign your contract, you must notify the ATO within 28 days that you have done so.

 

All in order

It’s important to note that there’s an ordering rule for release of your super savings.Contributions are counted in the order in which they are made to your fund, from earliest to latest and also non-concessional contributions are counted before concessional contributions.

 

If you decide not to go ahead with the purchase you must notify the ATO within 12 months of making the release request, and either take advantage of a further 12-month extension or recontribute an eligible amount back into super as a non-concessional contribution. Alternatively, if you fail to comply or decide to hang onto your FHSS released amounts they may be subject to 20% FHSS tax.

 

Guidance at an important time

If drawing on your super to buy your first home is right for you, take care not to mess with the rules, or you’ll miss out. We know the traps and can provide expert advice to guide you safely to your front door.

GST On Imports: Are You Optimising Your Cashflow?

Looking for opportunities to improve cashflow? If you import goods as part of your business, you don’t have to pay GST upfront if you’re registered for the ATO’s deferred GST scheme. Instead, you can defer and offset GST amounts in your next activity statement. However, there are some eligibility requirements – including a condition that your business lodge activity statements monthly (rather than quarterly). Find out how you can take advantage of the scheme.

 

If you import goods into Australia as part of your business, your cashflow position is probably top of mind. So, if you’re not already taking advantage of the ATO’s scheme to defer GST payments on imports, it’s time to talk to your adviser. The scheme can benefit not only wholesalers, distributors and retailers, but also any business that imports goods for use in carrying on its business.Usually, GST is payable on most imports into Australia and goods will not be released until the GST is paid to customs. This can have significant cashflow implications for importers. While you’re generally able to claim a credit later for the GST paid, you still need to have the funds to pay the GST at the time of importation.

 

The ATO’s deferred GST scheme allows participants to defer payment of the GST amount until their next business activity statement (BAS) is due.

 

This means you can start selling or using the imports in your business right away without having to come up with the GST amount when the goods arrive in the country.

 

Eligibility for the scheme

Businesses who wish to take advantage of this scheme must apply first and be approved by the ATO. To be eligible, you must have an ABN and be registered for GST. You must also lodge and pay your BAS online. This can be done yourself or through your registered tax or BAS agent.

 

Another key requirement is that you must also lodge your BAS monthly, which means that if you’re currently lodging quarterly you’ll need to elect to lodge monthly. (When you make this election, the change won’t take effect until the start of the next quarter, so you won’t be able to defer GST on imports until the start of that quarter.) If this applies to you, you’ll need to weigh up whether the deferred GST scheme is worth giving up quarterly BAS lodgement.

 

Once you’re approved for the deferred GST scheme, it’s important that you lodge and pay your monthly BAS on time. The ATO may remove you from the scheme if you fall behind, and in this case you’d need to reapply for the scheme.

 

Timing of the deferral and credits

Once you’re approved, your GST amounts on taxable imports will be deferred until the first BAS you lodge after the goods are imported (which for monthly lodgers is due 21 days after the end of the month). The deferred amount is reported electronically by customs to the ATO, who will use this data to pre-fill the “deferred GST” in your BAS.

 

The deferred GST liability is then effectively offset by a GST credit you can claim for the deferred amount. As with all GST amounts you pay on purchases you make for your business, you can claim a credit for the deferred GST liability on your imports to the extent that you use the goods in carrying on your business (and you can’t claim a credit for private use or to make input-taxed supplies). Therefore, the overall effect of participating in the deferred GST scheme is that your GST on imports is deferred and offset, and you aren’t required to have funds available to pay the GST when the goods are initially imported.

 

Could your cashflow be improved?

Contact our office to discuss how the deferred GST scheme could benefit your business or to explore other strategies for improving your cashflow position.

Top 10 Rules For The CGT Replacement Asset Rollover

When you suffer the loss or destruction of assets through natural disasters or through compulsory acquisition, you most likely will be in a position to receive money or another asset (or both) as compensation. You are also left with a choice to either defer any capital gains liability (CGT) or receive an exemption. We look at the top 10 rules for when this occurs.

 

Urban growth often triggers a correlative expansion of our road networks and related civil works. To accommodate these you might find yourself losing your home or a portion or all of your land through its compulsory acquisition by a government agency. Similarly, natural disasters in the guise of hurricanes, floods and fires can lead to wide-scale destruction of property and personal assets.

 

In both situations you could receive money or another CGT asset (or both) as compensation, leaving you with a choice to:

-defer your liability to pay tax on any capital gain arising on the disposal (ie, rollover); or

-receive a CGT exemption for any replacement asset if you acquired the original asset before 20 September 1985.

If the asset is property and it qualifies as your main residence, then you can ignore any capital gain or loss that results from the compulsory acquisition.

 

Qualifying for CGT rollover can bring a number of tax benefits for small business and individuals, but navigating the intricacies of CGT exemptions and rollover rules can take some work. To help we have compiled a list of the top 10 rules for application of the rollover, but please get in touch with us for advice tailored to your individual circumstances.

 

Top 10 rollover rules
1. The rollover only applies if the taxpayer has made a capital gain on the compulsory acquisition of a post-CGT asset (or its loss or destruction).

 

2. The rollover applies if either money (ie, compensation), or a replacement asset is received for the compulsory acquisition (or its loss or destruction).

 

3. If money is received the taxpayer must incur expenditure in acquiring a “replacement” asset and the expenditure must begin to be incurred no later than one year after the income year in which the compulsory acquisition occurs – being the income year in which the contract for compulsory acquisition is entered into (or within such further time as the Commissioner allows).

 

4. Basic requirements for a replacement asset are:

it cannot be a depreciating asset;
if the compulsorily acquired asset was used, or installed ready for use, in the taxpayer’s business, the replacement asset must also be used for a “reasonable time” after the taxpayer acquires it
if the compulsorily acquired asset was not used, or installed ready for use, in the taxpayer’s business, the taxpayer must use the replacement asset for the “same” or a “similar” purpose as the compulsorily acquired asset immediately before its acquisition – and for a reasonable time after acquiring it.

 

5. If the compulsorily acquired asset was a pre-CGT asset, the replacement asset will also be deemed to be pre-CGT status provided:

the taxpayer does not expend more than 120% of the market value of the original asset (immediately before its disposal) in acquiring a replacement asset or;
if the asset was destroyed by natural disaster, it is reasonable to treat the replacement asset as “substantially the same” as the original asset.

 

6. Despite the application of the rollover, an immediate CGT liability will arise if the compensation received exceeds the expenditure on the replacement asset. The amount of the capital gain in this case will depend on the following:

If the capital gain that would otherwise have arisen from the compulsory acquisition is greater than the “excess” of the compensation over the expenditure incurred on a replacement asset, then a capital gain will arise equal to that “excess”. See Example 1 below.

 

Example 1

John owns an asset that has a cost base of $10,000. The asset is destroyed and he receives $40,000 in compensation. John spends $24,000 in replacing the asset. There will be a “notional” capital gain of $30,000 (ie, $40,000 compensation less $10,000 cost base). This notional capital gain of $30,000 is greater than the “excess” of $16,000 (ie, $40,000 less $24,000). Therefore, John will realise a capital gain of, $16,000, which is the amount of the “excess”. In calculating any future capital gain or loss on the replacement asset, the cost base expenditure incurred on the replacement asset (ie, $24,000) is reduced by the amount by which the notional gain (ie, $30,000) is more than the “excess”(ie, $16,000); so $24,000 is reduced by $14,000 ($30,000 less $16,000), leaving cost base expenditure for the replacement asset of $10,000.

 

If the capital gain that would have arisen from the compulsory acquisition is less than or equal to the “excess” of the compensation received over expenditure on a replacement asset, then the capital gain is not reduced. See Example 2 below.

 

Example 2

Jenny receives $4,000 compensation for damage to an asset. The cost base of the asset is $1,600. Jenny expends $1,000 repairing it. There will be a notional capital gain of $2,400 (ie $4,000 less $1600) and the “excess” will be $3,000 (ie $4,000 less $1,000). As the notional capital gain of $2,400 is less than the “excess” (ie $3,000), the notional capital gain is not reduced and is taxed as the actual capital gain. Therefore, Jenny would have an actual capital gain of $2,400.

7. If the compensation received does not exceed the expenditure incurred on the replacement asset, then no capital gain arises – but the cost base expenditure incurred on the replacement asset or repair is reduced by the amount of the capital gain that would otherwise have arisen but for the rollover.

 

8. If the taxpayer receives a replacement asset instead of money, any capital gain made on the original asset is disregarded. If the original asset was post-CGT, the taxpayer is taken to have acquired the replacement asset for an amount equal to the cost base of the original asset. If the original asset was pre-CGT, the replacement asset is also taken to be pre-CGT.

 

9. If both money and a replacement asset are received each part of the compensation is treated separately, in accordance with the rules for the receipt of money or the receipt of an asset.

 

10. If the compulsorily acquired asset was an “active asset” (ie, used in a business) then the taxpayer would also qualify for the CGT Small Business Concession (SBC) and could choose to apply them instead (with better tax outcomes). This would include the CGT small business rollover. Note, that the advantages in applying the CGT SBC is that the replacement asset does not have to be acquired until two years after the relevant income year and it can be a depreciating asset.

 

If you need help to understand the rules listed above, please talk to us.

Capital Gains Tax And Death: It’s Not The End Of The World

There’s nothing as certain as death and taxes, but tax on death is not so clear. The good news is that when an asset passes to a beneficiary, capital gains tax (CGT) generally does not apply. But down the track when the beneficiary decides to sell that asset, there are many forks in the path.

 

There is enough pain and anguish when someone dies, so fortunately there is, in most cases at least, no duty on assets that form part of the deceased’s estate and are passed to a beneficiary, or their legal personal representative (LPR). But as with life, the rules regarding death and CGT are not meant to be easy, particularly when that asset is a “dwelling”.

This article will explore the CGT consequences for the deceased estate and the beneficiary of:

-the transmission on death, of an asset, specifically a dwelling

-the subsequent sale of that dwelling.

 

CGT on the inheritance of a dwelling

Generally, the law says that there is no CGT liability for the deceased on the transmission of an asset to a beneficiary.

 

The beneficiary is considered to be the new owner of the inherited asset on the day the deceased person died and CGT does not apply to that asset.

 

This applies to all assets, including a dwelling.

The exception is where the beneficiary is a “tax advantaged entity” (TAE), such as a charity, foreign resident or complying superannuation entity. In this case the deceased estate (not the TAE) is liable for any capital gain or loss attached to the asset. This will need to be taken into account in the deceased’s final tax return in the year in which he or she died.

 

CGT on the sale of an inherited dwelling

If the beneficiary subsequently sells the bequeathed asset, this may create a CGT “event”, depending on the status of the property, when it was purchased, when the deceased died and whether the sale qualifies for the CGT “main residence” exemption.

 

CGT liability on the sale will be determined by whether:

-the deceased died before, on or after 20 September 1985 (when CGT was introduced); and

-the dwelling was acquired before, on or after 20 September 1985; and if acquired post-CGT, whether the deceased died before, on or after 20 August 1996.

 

The following table identifies when CGT applies to the sale of an inherited dwelling and the relevant cost base. It refers to these two conditions:

 

Condition 1: Dwelling was sold (note that this means settlement must have occurred) within two years of the person’s death. This exemption applies regardless of whether the beneficiary used the dwelling as their main residence or produced income from it during this period. The two-year period can be extended at the Commissioner’s discretion. New safe harbour rules allow executors and beneficiaries to self-assess this discretion provided a number of conditions are met.

 

Condition 2: From the deceased’s death until the sale, the dwelling was not used to produce income, and was the main residence of one or more of the following:

-the deceased’s spouse;

-an individual who had a right to occupy it under the deceased’s will; or

-the beneficiary.
 

CGT on the sale of an inherited dwelling

Dwelling acquired by deceased (D)                  Date of death                         Subsequent disposal by beneficiary (B)
Pre-CGT (ie before 20 September 1985)                      Pre-CGT                                                    No CGT

Exception: dwelling subject to major capital improvements post-CGT  and used to produce assessable income

 

 

Pre-CGT                                                                            Post-CGT                             No CGT if: Condition 1 or 2 is satisfied
If CGT applies, B’s cost base is the dwelling’s cost base in D’s hands at the date of death

 

 

 

Post-CGT                                                                  Before 20 August 1996                    No CGT if:

 

Condition 2 is satisfied; and D always used dwelling as main residence (MR) and did not use it to produce assessable income

If CGT applies, B’s cost base is the cost base of the dwelling in D’s hands at the date of death

 

On or after                                No CGT if:

21 August 1996

 

Condition 1 or 2 is satisfied; and just before D died dwelling was used as MR and was  not being used to produce assessable income

 

If CGT applies, B’s cost base is the market value of the dwelling at the date of  death

 

In calculating the CGT, the beneficiary or the LPR cannot use any of the deceased’s unapplied net capital losses against the net capital gains.

 

Guidance at hand

If you have inherited a dwelling and are in the dark about the CGT impact of hanging onto it or selling it, we can guide you through the minefield and minimise any tax consequences.

ATO Clamping Down On Clothing Deductions

 

Planning to claim some clothing or laundry expenses this tax time? These deductions are on the ATO’s watch list again this year, and there are many traps for the unwary. For example, did you know that non-branded work uniforms are not deductible? Find out what categories are allowed and what records you need to keep.

 

Taxpayers who claim deductions for work-related clothing and laundry expenses may find themselves under the ATO’s microscope this tax time. Even if your claim is relatively small, penalties can apply for making incorrect claims.

 

What clothing is eligible?

If your work-related clothing falls into one of the following three categories, you can claim the purchase cost and the costs of laundering that clothing:

1. Uniforms. To qualify, your uniform must be both unique (designed only for your employer) and distinctive (with your employer’s logo attached, and it must not be available to the public). This means you can’t make claims for generic, non-branded uniforms. And if your uniform is compulsory, you may also be able to claim shoes, socks and stockings provided they’re an essential part of the uniform and their characteristics (such the required colour, style and type) are outlined in your employer’s uniform policy.

Non-compulsory uniforms have much tighter rules, so check with your adviser before claiming.

2. Occupation-specific clothing. This is clothing that is unique to your occupation, is not “everyday” in nature and allows the public to identify your occupation. Examples include a chef’s checked trousers or a barrister’s robes. In contrast, a bartender’s black trousers or a swimming instructor’s swimwear wouldn’t be allowable.

3. Protective clothing. To be eligible, the clothing must offer a sufficient level of protection against injury or illness in your work setting. Typical examples include high-visibility clothing, steel-capped boots, non-slip shoes, smocks/aprons and fire-resistant clothing.

 

The ATO is particularly concerned that many taxpayers incorrectly claim for ordinary clothing, like suits or black work trousers. It says the following are not valid reasons for deducting clothing:

 

-Your employer requires you to wear a certain colour (eg trousers must be black).
-You bought formal clothes to wear to work functions such as awards nights where you represented your employer.
-You bought clothes just to wear to work.

 

Record-keeping

 

For total clothing and laundry claims of up to $150, you aren’t required to keep detailed records. However, the ATO stresses that taxpayers aren’t “automatically” entitled to a $150 deduction – you must have actually incurred the expenses you claim. The ATO can still ask you to substantiate your claim, and can contact your employer to verify its clothing requirements.

 

If your total claim is under $150, you can calculate your laundry claim using a simple rate of $1 per load where all the clothing is work-related, and 50 cents per load where other clothes are part of the load.

If your total claim for clothing and laundry exceeds $150 (and your total claim for work-related expenses exceeds $300), you’ll need to keep receipts.

 

To prove your laundry costs, you’ll need to keep a diary for a representative one-month period. Your adviser can help you ensure you have the correct records in place.

 

Reimbursements and allowances

To claim a deduction, you must have incurred the expense yourself. So, if your employer reimburses you for an expense, you can’t deduct that amount.

On the other hand, if you receive a clothing allowance you must declare that allowance in your tax return. You can then deduct your costs for eligible clothing, but only the amount you actually spent.

 

Take the stress out of tax time

Talk to us for expert assistance with all of your work-related expense claims. We’ll help you claim everything you’re entitled to, while keeping the ATO happy.

Binding Nominations: Make Sure Your Super Passes Into The Right Hands

Your superannuation balance is probably one of your biggest assets – perhaps up there with the family home. It’s therefore vital to plan for how that money will be distributed on your death. Find out how a binding nomination can give you peace of mind that your wishes will be complied with when you’ve passed on.

 

When you pass away, your superannuation benefits do not automatically form part of your estate. Instead, they’re paid out by the trustee of your superannuation fund. So, what can you do to ensure your super is paid out in accordance with your wishes? For many people, a binding death benefit nomination (BDBN) is an appropriate safeguard to put in place.

 

How does a BDBN work?

If you don’t make any nomination during your lifetime about how your superannuation benefits should be paid on your death, the trustee has discretion to decide who will receive your benefits and in what form. Under superannuation law, your death benefits can be paid to either, or a combination, of:

 

-your “legal personal representative” (LPR) – effectively, the executors of your estate (which means those superannuation benefits will then be dealt with by your will); and/or

-one or more of your “dependants” directly, which include your spouse, children (of any age) and anyone with whom you were in an “interdependency relationship”.

 

Where the trustee decides to pay some benefits directly to a dependant, the trustee can also decide whether to pay your benefits as a lump sum or pension. This is a lot of discretion for the trustee! If you’d prefer to have certainty about how your benefits will be paid, consider making a BDBN.

 

This is a written direction given to the trustee specifying where your death benefits should be paid (and optionally, in what form). Provided the BDBN is valid and still in effect when you die, the trustee is bound to follow it.

 

Making a valid BDBN

You should seek expert assistance when preparing a BDBN, especially if you’re an SMSF member. In recent years, legal disputes before the courts (eg between surviving family members) over the terms of BDBNs have highlighted the traps that can arise. Here we outline a few key principles to keep in mind.

 

First, the trustee can’t follow a BDBN to the extent the payments would breach superannuation law. This means your BDBN can only specify the permitted recipients discussed above (your LPR and/or “dependants”). There are also restrictions on when your children can receive benefits in pension form.

 

Second, for non-SMSFs, a BDBN must meet various documentation requirements in order to be valid, such as being witnessed correctly by two eligible adult witnesses, among other requirements. For SMSFs, these requirements vary, depending on the particular terms of the SMSF’s deed.

 

Third, the BDBN must work in harmony with other relevant legal documentation. This includes:

-The fund’s deed (as mentioned above): the terms of SMSF deeds vary greatly. SMSF members must therefore ensure their BDBN is permitted, valid and enforceable under their fund’s deed.

-Pension documentation: if you’re receiving a pension just before your death, any terms of the pension documentation that contradict your BDBN (eg a stipulation that the pension is to revert to a certain beneficiary) may cause confusion and legal uncertainty.

-Your will: if your BDBN directs your benefits to your estate, your will can be tailored to ensure the benefits pass to specific beneficiaries in the most tax-effective manner.

 

Expiry dates

For non-SMSFs, a BDBN expires after three years. In an SMSF, a BDBN can potentially last indefinitely, but there’s a trap: many SMSF deeds impose a three-year expiry anyway!

In any event, it’s good practice to review your BDBN every few years or whenever a major life change occurs (eg, marriage, divorce or death of a dependant).

 

Need to make a BDBN?

Contact our office to begin your superannuation succession plan. We’ll help you ensure your wealth passes into the right hands, giving you maximum control and peace of mind.

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